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Science or Pseudo-Science?

> Origin of Life (Abiogenesis)
Science or Pseudo-Science?

> Common Descent (Darwinism)
Science or Pseudo-Science?

> How Does Evolution
Supposedly Work?

> Genetics

> Mutations

> Genetic Recombination

> Gene Duplication

> Natural Selection

> Fossil Evidence

> Stasis

> “Junk” DNA – The Biggest Blunder of Evolutionary-Based Science

> Endogenous Retroviruses

Gene Duplication

Evolutionists believe that “spare parts in the genome” exist and that these parts are continually “tweaking” themselves into new genes. What is the proof for this hypothesis? Nothing but the “widespread existence of gene families”:

• “Scientists have suspected that spare parts in the genome—extra copies of functional genes that arise when genes or whole genomes get duplicated—might sometimes provide the raw materials for the evolution of new traits. Now, researchers report in a study published online on September 3rd in Current Biology, that they have discovered a prime example of this in fish. The researchers show that a duplicate copy of a gene involved in embryonic development has taken up a newer and decidedly less essential role in the development of fish scales …
  "By 'tweaking' the use of one of the two copies of the fish fgfr1, the teleost order that contains zebrafish and carp have a specialized 'toolbox' gene that now controls adult-specific variation in form," added Nicolas Rohner, also of the Max Planck Institute.”
  Cell Press, “Spare gene is fodder for fishes' evolution,” September 3rd, 2009, Physorg.com.
  http://www.physorg.com/news171199623.html
  
• ”The primary evidence that duplication has played a vital role in the evolution of new gene functions is the widespread existence of gene families …
  Duplicate gene evolution has most likely played a substantial role in both the rapid changes in organismal complexity apparent in deep evolutionary splits and the diversification of more closely related species. The rapid growth in the number of available genome sequences presents diverse opportunities to address important outstanding questions in duplicate gene evolution.”
  Matthew Hurles, “Gene Duplication: The Genomic Trade in Spare Parts,” PLoS Biol 2(7): e206. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020206.
  http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020206
  

Also, what Darwinists fail to present is a feasible step-by-step scenario how each gene could:

- split their functions in a precise manner so that neither function would be disabled until ‘random chance’ completed the event;
- become fixed in the population during each new step:

• “A duplicated gene newly arisen in a single genome must overcome substantial hurdles before it can be observed in evolutionary comparisons. First, it must become fixed in the population, and second, it must be preserved over time. Population genetics tells us that for new alleles, fixation is a rare event, even for new mutations that confer an immediate selective advantage. Nevertheless, it has been estimated that one in a hundred genes is duplicated and fixed every million years (Lynch and Conery 2000), although it should be clear from the duplication mechanisms described above that it is highly unlikely that duplication rates are constant over time.”
  http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020206&ct=
  1&SESSID=9999360a804131d0f0009da33ced0db9

All genes need their own specialized molecular switch (G protein):

Because of the split in function between the two genes, the molecular switch (G protein) must also be modified to coincide with the specific regulation needed to precisely regulate the new gene:

• “G proteins are so called because they function as "molecular switches," alternating between an inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and active guanosine triphosphate (GTP) bound state, ultimately going on to regulate downstream cell processes.”
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein
  
• “Moreover, in order for the organism to respond to an every-changing environment, intercellular signals must be transduced, amplified, and ultimately converted to the appropriate physiological response.”
  http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/24/6/765
  See movie on G-proteins: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NB7YfAvez3o&feature=related